Latest Updates - VETbytes

Latest updates feed for emergency and critical care (ECC)

We have trawled through the latest veterinary journals and created condensed summaries of the most recently published papers relevant to ECC

Keep up to date with the latest evidence without having to spend hours reading and use these as templates for your journal clubs as part of quality improvement (QI) in your practice

4th September 2021

A total of 58.3% of dogs receiving closed chest CPR sustained iatrogenic complications ...read more

23rd August 2021

The prevalence of canine tetanus in England is significantly higher in winter months, especially in February ...read more

4th August 2021

Discrete clinical features may help to guide clinical reasoning when assessing cats with vestibular presentations ...read more

11th July 2021

Bolus fluid resuscitation effectively increases blood pressure in hypotensive cats; however, it does not result in normalisation of blood pressure, heart rate, or body temperature in the majority of cases ...read more

27th June 2021

Gallbladder wall oedema (GBWO), also referred to as the gallbladder halo sign, may be caused by cardiac disease in both dogs and cats and the observation of GBWO during AFAST should prompt the clinician to include echocardiography into their investigation ...read more

26th June 2021

Study shows that serial lactate concentration is superior to single admission lactate concentration in predicting mortality in dogs with shock and questions the ability of the APPLEfast score to discriminate between hospital survivors and non survivors in this population of dogs ...read more

25th June 2021

Study investigates the signalment, presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of dogs diagnosed with detrusor urethral dyssynergy ...read more

24th June 2021

Clinically important thoracic abnormalities are seldom found in the screening of neurological patients with no concurrent thoracic clinical signs, and even when present, may be unrelated to the patient’s neurological disease ...read more

23rd June 2021

Transient postictal hyperammonaemia can be found in cats with epileptic seizures without concurrent signs of liver failure therefore epileptic seizures should be an important addition to the differential list of feline patients with hyperammonaemia ...read more

22nd June 2021

Study shows stomach volume to be < 2ml/100g bodyweight in one day old puppies and kittens which contradicts the feeding instructions for a maximum of 4-5 ml milk replacer/100g of bodyweight ...read more

21st June 2021

Study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy of ondansetron to treat nausea in dogs with vestibular disease ...read more

10th June 2021

Short-term recurrence of pneumothorax in dogs with primary spontaneous pneumothorax may be due to failure to identify causative lesions during the initial thoracic exploration ...read more

2nd June 2021

Intestinal resection and anastomosis is associated with a higher risk of intestinal dehiscence than enterotomy in the surgical management of intestinal obstruction secondary to foreign body ingestion ...read more

31st May 2021

The 5th intercostal space left lateral thoracotomy is preferred for most manipulations required for open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in medium-sized dogs ...read more

30th May 2021

Cats with septic peritonitis that survive the postoperative period have a favourable prognosis ...read more

29th May 2021

In cats presenting with urethral obstruction, survey radiography performed before unobstructing the urethra helps identify causes and locations for urethral obstruction, compared with survey radiography performed after unobstructing the urethra ...read more

27th May 2021

Prevalence of UK dogs with hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) reported at 0.06% ...read more

10th May 2021

No association found between intraoperative anastomotic leak testing and a reduction in postoperative dehiscence in dogs undergoing hand-sewn anastomosis (HSA) or functional end-to-end stapled anastomosis (FEESA) of the small intestine ...read more

5th May 2021

Clinical trial findings do not support an association between HES and AKI in dogs ...read more

30th April 2021

10 mg enteric coated omeprazole tablets are shown to be an effective gastric acid suppressant in healthy dogs ...read more

29th April 2021

Two radiographic methods for assessing left atrial enlargement and cardiac remodelling in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease are compared for diagnostic accuracy ...read more

28th April 2021

New study establishes reference intervals for thoracic radiographic assessment, echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in healthy kittens and reported that the vertebral heart score (VHS) was higher than previously reported for healthy adult cats ...read more

28th April 2021

Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values ...read more

27th April 2021

A new method of radiographic assessment of left atrial size in dogs is introduced called the modified vertebral left atrial size (M-VLAS) which identifies left atrial enlargement more accurately than existing methods ...read more

27th April 2021

Study demonstrates that clinical signs, serum creatinine and SDMA are of limited diagnostic use to detect acute kidney injury (AKI) in European adder (Vipera berus) envenomation however AKI biomarkers are commonly increased 36 hrs after the bite suggesting that hospitalisation and supportive treatment of these dogs is sensible ...read more

26th April 2021

Early computed tomography (CT) in dogs following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis ...read more

22nd April 2021

Retrospective study shows that discrete clinical features can be used to identify the most likely diagnosis in dogs with vestibular disease ...read more

22nd April 2021

Despite a bias toward dogs being refractory to initial immunosuppression, dogs with immune mediated haemolytic disease that were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange had a similar outcome to dogs treated medically ...read more

15th April 2021

The commonly used SIRS criteria may not be good for identifying dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome that are in need of antimicrobial treatment, in particular when they are hypovolaemic ...read more

31st March 2021

In dogs with presumptive sepsis, hypophosphataemia was not associated with outcome ...read more

30th March 2021

Latest randomised controlled trial concludes that although pimobendan appears safe in cats with HCM, no benefit on 180-day outcome was identified ...read more

29th March 2021

Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio provide information regarding the course of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats ...read more

28th March 2021

First large retrospective study of canine chocolate intoxication shows prognosis after decontamination and symptomatic therapy is good with a mortality rate of less than 3% ...read more

27th March 2021

Case report describes caecal inversion as a cause of ileocolic intussusception in a 2 year old dog ...read more

26th March 2021

Azotaemic dogs receiving haemodialysis have a higher risk of oesophagostomy tube complications most probably relating to the presence of a neck bandage and associated poor stoma site hygiene ...read more

24th March 2021

Large retrospective study reported a 91% survival rates for dogs hospitalised with parvovirus enteritis. A low haematocrit, decreased blood glucose concentration or increased serum magnesium at presentation were all considered negative prognostic indicators for survival in this cohort of dogs ...read more

22nd March 2021

Study found there was no evidence for, or against the use of decompressive cystocentesis in the management of cats with urethral obstruction ...read more

8th March 2021

Vet BLUE, when performed by vets with basic training has a good overall specificity but poor sensitivity for the detection of alveolar-interstitial syndrome (AIS) when compared to CT ...read more

1st March 2021

A novel method of laparotomy-assisted transoral retrieval of gastrointestinal foreign bodies is described and may provide an alternative to gastrotomy in carefully selected cases ...read more

28th February 2021

Latest randomised controlled trial concludes that although pimobendan appears safe in cats with HCM, no benefit on 180-day outcome was identified ...read more

25th February 2021

A study in healthy adult Chihuahuas show that breed specific references for radiographic vertebral heart score (VHS) and vertebral left atrial size (VALS) are needed ...read more

22nd February 2021

Recent study reported the prevalence of phenobarbitone associated adverse effects in epileptic cats to be 47% with sedation and ataxia being the most common ...read more

17th February 2021

The utility of abdominal ultrasound for the detection of grossly identifiable lesions in dogs with non-traumatic haemoperitoneum appears limited ...read more

16th February 2021

A study in healthy adult chihuahuas show that breed specific references for radiographic vertebral heart score (VHS) and vertebral left atrial size (VALS) are needed ...read more

15th February 2021

Haemoperitoneum can be seen with anaphylactic reactions in dogs. These dogs have the potential to be successfully treated medically without the need for surgical exploration ...read more

14th February 2021

The finding of a peripheral hypoechoic band associated with central emphysema in a non-collapsed lung on ultrasound is strongly suggestive of lung lobe torsion ...read more

14th February 2021

Double layer suture closure of canine partial gastrectomy was shown to achieve superior biomechanical properties compared to a stapled closure technique in a cadaver model. Reinforcement of single staple closures with an inverting Cushings suture pattern is recommended to improve resistance to leakage ...read more

13th February 2021

A study showed that the frequency of AFAST fluid positive sites was much higher than expected in healthy adult dogs. This may have implications for the interpretation of these scores in the clinical setting ...read more

11th February 2021

Bromethalin ingestion does not commonly lead to clinical signs in patients that are presented to an emergency hospital within 2 hours of ingestion ...read more

10th February 2021

Pericardial catheters appear to offer a safe alternative to needle pericardiocentesis and their use was not associated with a higher rate of arrhythmias compared to needle pericardiocentesis alone ...read more

9th February 2021

Fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or a three-fold greater volume of isotonic crystalloid solution resulted in significant changes in both standard coagulation parameters and ROTEM assays in dogs presenting with spontaneous haemoperitoneum and the ROTEM effects were more pronounced after HES ...read more

9th February 2021

The instillation of topical NSAIDs to the eyes of healthy cats did not induce any changes in corneal sensitivity and therefore did not induce corneal hypoesthesia. It is not yet known if the same is true for cats with diseased corneas ...read more

6th February 2021

Results of a large retrospective study into Vitis vinifera fruit ingestion in dogs suggest that emesis should be induced even if > 4 hours have passed since ingestion and even if >12 hrs have passed if the patient is showing clinical signs ...read more

4th February 2021

Commonly used rapid infusion techniques in small animal transfusion medicine do NOT cause significant iatrogenic haemolysis of canine packed red blood cells in vitro ...read more

1st February 2021

Patients receiving lower concentrations of regular insulin used in continuous rate infusions, especially cats and small dogs, may require more time for resolution of hyperglycaemia and ketonaemia ...read more

28th January 2021

Lung ultrasound could be considered a practical alternative to repeated thoracic radiography for the monitoring of left sided congestive heart failure in dogs ...read more

26th January 2021

Neutrophil counts should be monitored in dogs receiving vincristine treatment for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), especially if administered with cyclosporine ...read more

24th January 2021

Compared to laboratory methods, point-of-care crossmatch tests are shown to lack sensitivity for detecting incompatibilities in critically ill dogs giving rise to the possibility of false negative results ...read more

22nd January 2021

In cases of canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion, recurrence of signs is more likely if at least 1 completely degenerate disc in addition to the symptomatic disc is visible on MRI suggesting the need for greater consideration of prophylactic fenestration ...read more

20th January 2021

Midazolam CRI appears safe and may be an effective treatment in dogs with cluster seizures (CS) or status epilepticus (SE) ...read more

18th January 2021

Aspiration pneumonia should be suspected in cats with a concurrent history of gastrointestinal disease presenting with tachypnoea of short duration ...read more

12th January 2021

In cats with benign ureteral obstruction, the placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass is associated with a high rate of complications but a median survival time of > 2 years suggesting that most of the complications are manageable ...read more

11th January 2021

A staged technique of immediate decompressive and delayed surgical treatment of dogs with GDV reported a similar mortality rate (9%) to those from dogs undergoing immediate surgery but cannot be widely recommended but until definitive preoperative markers of gastric necrosis have been identified ...read more

7th January 2021

Systematic review into the conservative and surgical management of pericardial effusions in dogs concludes that there is not yet sufficient good quality evidence to recommend one treatment option rather than another ...read more

4th January 2021

Earlier surgical treatment of stabilised dogs with gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction may reduce the requirement for complex procedures and may accelerate recovery ...read more

2nd January 2021

Feeding does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in dogs and can therefore be easily administered by the owner regardless of food consumption ...read more

30th December 2020

Computed tomography in two recumbencies aids the identification of pulmonary bullae in dogs with spontaneous pneumothorax ...read more

21st December 2020

Blood samples analysed for lactate after a delay of greater than 7.5 minutes at room temperature in dogs should be interpreted with caution ...read more

19th December 2020

When compared with other causes of intrinsic acute kidney injury (iAKI) canine leptospirosis was shown to be characterised by increased glucosuria and higher fractional excretion of potassium ...read more

18th December 2020

Knowledge of positive allergen specific IgE results could guide allergen avoidance in asthmatic cats ...read more

16th December 2020

Finding a cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration above the current reference interval (>2.5 mmol/l) in dogs with seizures, may be a useful, rapid way to identify dogs at risk for structural epilepsy ...read more

15th December 2020

Study provides useful benchmarking information for practitioners on the causes, diagnostic evaluation and management of seizures in UK practices ...read more

13th December 2020

Lower saline‐to‐blood ratio results should not be used for a diagnosis of IMHA in dogs because false‐positive results are common ...read more

9th December 2020

The administration of pimobendan to cats with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure did not demonstrate a survival benefit but appears well tolerated, regardless of the presence of outflow tract obstruction ...read more

8th December 2020

Shock Index is associated with mortality in canine vehicular trauma patients and can help clinicians identify critical patients that require more intensive monitoring and intervention ...read more

1st December 2020

The rectal-interdigital temperature gradient (RITG) may serve as a diagnostic marker of circulatory shock in dogs ...read more

26th November 2020

Administration of gabapentin to cats appears to produce a similar effect on food intake to mirtazapine demonstrating this drugs potential to be used as an appetite stimulant in this species ...read more

21st November 2020

Lung ultrasound has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of pulmonary contusions when compared to “gold standard” thoracic CT in dogs with vehicle trauma ...read more

12th November 2020

Short-term outcome of dogs with acute on chronic kidney disease (ACKD) is comparable to those with acute kidney injury (AKI) but long-term prognosis is guarded. The IRIS AKI grade at presentation is a prognostic indicator of short-term outcome ...read more

11th November 2020

In dogs undergoing splenectomy, a liver biopsy taken from grossly normal liver is a low-yield diagnostic test but liver biopsy is recommended following splenectomy if the liver appears abnormal at surgery ...read more

7th November 2020

Large study provides estimates for the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in dogs undergoing MRI for the investigation of epileptic seizures ...read more

4th November 2020

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and aortic thromboembolism (ATE) are the most common causes of acute paralysis in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency clinic ...read more

1st November 2020

Noise levels in a veterinary referral ICU were found to be above the WHO recommended levels ...read more

30th October 2020

Vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) is a repeatable radiographic measurement for quantifying left atrial size and does not appear to be affected by bodyweight, age or sex ...read more

22nd October 2020

In dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion, an intravenous injection of morphine does not affect the modified Frankel score after 30 min compared with the pre-injection value ...read more

19th October 2020

A new protocol based on the i/m administration of insulin lispro was shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of DKA in dogs but further studies are required to validate the treatment protocol ...read more

19th October 2020

In dogs with Status epilepticus (SE) or cluster seizures presented to a teaching hospital, first seizure outside the defined idiopathic interval of 6mths to 6 years, absence of previous antiepileptic drug therapy in a dog with a history of seizures and hyperthermia at presentation were associated with a poor outcome ...read more

12th October 2020

Doberman Pinschers with overt dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) have shorter survival times and higher risk of cardiac-related death than those without AF ...read more

12th October 2020

Dry-needle acupuncture performed prior to surgery helps to decrease perioperative analgesic use and to may improve the quality of perioperative analgesia in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) ...read more

5th October 2020

Transpalpebral ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter is a non-invasive, low cost method that may serve as an additional tool to help identify cats with intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) where invasive measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) is contraindicated or unavailable ...read more

5th October 2020

90 % of cats with sacrocaudal luxation regained the ability to urinate voluntarily and 87% of cats that regained urinary function did so within the first 30 days. Regaining voluntary urination was significantly associated with neurological grade and the ability to control defaecation ...read more

30th September 2020

Study demonstrated strong breed predispositions for vestibular disease in dogs with Spaniel types and brachycephalic types most commonly affected ...read more

28th September 2020

An aortic oesophageal fistula (AEF) should be considered in any patient with severe bleeding following oesophagoscopy. A history of haematemesis in a dog with an oesophageal foreign body should raise suspicion of the presence of an AEF and dictate case management accordingly ...read more

21st September 2020

Pneumocolonography (infusion of air into the rectum) is a simple, rapid, low morbidity test that can be done in cases of suspected colonic torsion in dogs. Many cases will show an abrupt tapering of the large bowel but it may be of minimal diagnostic value in mild cases ...read more

21st September 2020

Non diabetic dogs evaluated in the emergency room (ER) with shock or hyperlactataemia had higher blood glucose (BG) values than those with normal perfusion and plasma lactate concentrations suggesting the existence of physiologic stress hyperglycaemia in this species ...read more

14th September 2020

16% of cats administered fresh frozen plasma (FFP) experienced a possible adverse transfusion reaction (ATR) which was mild and had no significant impact on survival. The most common ATR was increased body temperature, followed by dyspnoea/tachypnoea ...read more

14th September 2020

Hyperimmune plasma (HIP) at 10 mL/kg i/v administered to dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV) within the first 6 hours of hospitalisation improves markers for shock during the initial 24 hours of hospitalisation but no effects were observed on duration of hospitalisation or mortality ...read more

7th September 2020

Torasemide was shown to be effective and safe to use in cats with congestive heart failure (CGF) as a first-line and second-line loop diuretic treatment ...read more

1st September 2020

Chocolate and Lilium plants are the most commonly reported potentially poisonous exposures of dogs and cats respectively. Fluorouracil (chemotherapy medication) and bifenthrin (insecticide) were found to have the highest case fatality ratio for dogs and cats, respectively ...read more

1st September 2020

Torasemide is shown to be noninferior to furosemide as first line oral (PO) treatment for new onset congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in dogs. It also has the advantage of increased owner compliance (due to once daily dosing) and less than half the risk of cardiac death, euthanasia or worsening CHF compared to furosemide ...read more

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